Clinical manifestations of childhood asthma persisting until the age of seven
Keywords:
risk factor, persisting asthma, children, the age of seven, cigarrette smoke exposure, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic illness commonly found in chil-dren. We aimed to find out the clinical manifestations of childhood
asthma persisting until the age of seven and the influencing factors.
Methods A review was performed at the outpatient clinic of the
Department of Child Health Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta,
from January 1992 to December 2001, on children with asthma
who still had symptoms until the age of seven.
Results During the period of 10 years, there were 322 children
with clinical symptoms of asthma persisting until the age of 7. One
hundred and forty-six (45.3%) met the inclusion criteria, consisting
of 75 (51.4%) boys and 71 (48.6%) girls. The average age was
11.7 years. There were 101 (69.2%) patients with rare episodic
asthma, 26.0% with frequent episodic asthma, and 4.8% with per-
sistent asthma. Age of onset was mostly beyond 3 year-old (51%).
Besides asthma, atopic diseases noted in these patients were al-
lergic rhinitis in 85 (58.2%) and atopic dermatitis in 42 (28.8%).
Logistic regression found that cigarette smoke exposure (adjusted
OR 4.72, 95%CI 2.05;10.87, p=0.000), allergic rhinitis (adjusted
OR 3.44, 95%CI 1.40;8.45, p=0.007), and atopic dermatitis (ad-
justed OR 2.37, 95%CI 1.01;5.72, p=0.048) had significant asso-
ciation with the degree of asthma.
Conclusion Of 146 children who still had asthma until the age of
seven, there were 69% with rare episodic asthma, 26% with fre-
quent episodic asthma, and 4.8% with persistent asthma. Factors
presumably influencing this manifestations were cigarette smoke
exposure, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis
References
1. Weiss SC. Asthma epidemiology; risk factors and natu-
ral history. In: Bierman CW, Pearlman DS, Shapiro GG,
editors. Allergy, asthma and immunology from infancy
to adulthood. 1 st ed. Phyladelphia: WB Saunders; 1996.
p. 472-83.
2. Woolcock AJ, Peat JK. Evidence for the increase in
asthma worldwide. In: Chadwick DJ, Cardew G, edi-
tors. The rising trends in asthma. 1 st ed. London: John
Wiley & Sons; 1997. p.122-39.
3. Blair H. Natural history of childhood asthma 20-year
follow up. Arch Dis Child 1977;52:613-9.
4. Anderson AL, Bland JM, Patel S, Peckham C. The
natural history of asthma in childhood [abstract]. J
Epidemiol Community Health 1986;40:121-9.
5. Montarano A, Bardana EJ. Gern JE, Lemanske RF.
Pediatric allergy can it be prevented? In: Kelly KJ
editors. Imunology and allergy clinics of North
America. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999:19. p.
233-52.
6. Landau LI. Risks of developing asthma. Pediatr
Pulmonol 1996;22:314-8.
7. Kaay AB. Asthma & inflammation. J Allergy Clin
Immunol 1991;87;893-910.
8. Szefler SJ. The natural history of asthma and early in-
tervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:S549-3.
9. Martinez FD. Links between pediatrics and adult
asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:S449-55.
10. Sears MR. Consequences of long term inflammation.
The natural history of asthma. Clin Chest Med
2000;21:315-29.
11. Roorda RJ. Prognostic factors for the outcome of child-
hood asthma in adolescence. Thorax 1996; 51Suppl1:
S7-12.
12. Oswald H, Phelan PD, Lanigan A. Childhood asthma
and lung function in mild-adult life. Pediatr Pulmonol
1997; 23:14-20.
13. Arsyad SH, Tariq SM, Matthew S. Sensitization to
common allergens and its association with allergic dis-
orders at age 4 years: a whole population birth cohort
study. Pediatr 2001;108:1-8.
14. Unit Kerja Koordinasi Pulmonologi Ikatan Dokter
Anak Indonesia. Konsensus Nasional Asma Anak
Denpasar, July, 2002.
15. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM. Asthma and
wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med
1995;332:133-8.
16. Weiss CT, Gold DR. Gender differences in asthma.
Pediatr Pulmol 1995;19:153-5.
17. Landau LI. Gender related differences in airway tone
in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993;16:31-5.
18. Simon FER. Allergic rhinobronchitis: the asthma-al-
lergic rhinitis link. J Allergy Clin Immunol
1994;104:534-40
19. Passalacqua G, Ciprandi G, Canonica GW. United air-
way diseases: therapeutic implication. Thorax
2000;55(suppl2):S26-7.
20. Settipane GA, Greisner WA, Settipane RJ. Natural
history of asthma: a 23 years follow up of college stu-
dent. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000:84:499-503.
21. Kaufman J, Wright GW. The effect of nasal and na-
sopharyngeal irritation on airway resistance in man.
Am Rev Resp Dis 1979;100:626-30.
22. Gustafsson D, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Development of
allergies and asthma in infant and young children with
atopic dermatities- a prospective follow up to 7 years
of age. Allergy 2000;55:240-5.
23. Illi S, Mutius E, Lau S, Nickel R, Niggerman B,
Sommerfeld C, Wahn U. The pattern of atopic sensiti-
zation with the development of asthma in childhood. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;108:709-14.
24. Zeiger RS. Development and prevention of allergic
disease in childhood. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis
EF, Akinson NF,Yunginger JW, Busse WW, editors.
Allergy: principle and practice. 4 th ed. St Louis:Mosby
1993: p. 1137-71.
25. Platts-Mils TAE, Rakes G, Heymann PW. The relevance
of allergen exposure to development of asthma in child-
hood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S503-8.
26. Peat JK, Tovey E, toelle BG. House dust mite aller-
gens. A major risk faktor for childhood asthma in Aus-
tralia. Am J Crit Care Med 1996;153:141-56.
27. Cunningham J. Oconnor GT, Dockery DW. Environ-
mental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in chil-
dren in 24 communities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
1996;153:218-24.
28. Crombie IK, Wright A, Irvine L. Does passive
smoking increase the frequency of health service
contacts in children with asthma. Thorax
2001;56:9-12.
29. Markjaroenpong V. Rand CS, Butz AM, Eggleston P,
Malveaux FJ. Environmental tobacco smoke expo-
sure and nocturnal symptoms among inner city chil-
dren with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol
2002;110:147-53.
30. Oddy WH, Peat JK, Klerk NH. Maternal asthma, in-
fant feeding, and the risk of asthma in childhood. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:65-7.
31. Savilhati E, Taino VM, Salmenpera L. Prolonged
exclusive breast feeding and heredity as determi-
nants in infantile atopy. Arch Dis Child 1987:
62:269-73.
32. Oehling A, Cagnani CEB. Food allergy and child
asthma dikutip dari James JM. Respiratory tract and
food hypersensitivity. Immunology and Allergy Clin
North Am 1999;19:519-32.
33. Price GW, Hogan AD, Farris AH, Burks AW, Platts-
Mills TAE, Heymann PW. Sensitization (IgE anti-
body) to food allergens in wheezing infants and chil-
dren. J Allergi Clin Immunol 1995;96:266-70.
34. Nelson HS. The importance of allergens in the devel-
opment of asthma and the persistence of symptoms. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S628-32.
ral history. In: Bierman CW, Pearlman DS, Shapiro GG,
editors. Allergy, asthma and immunology from infancy
to adulthood. 1 st ed. Phyladelphia: WB Saunders; 1996.
p. 472-83.
2. Woolcock AJ, Peat JK. Evidence for the increase in
asthma worldwide. In: Chadwick DJ, Cardew G, edi-
tors. The rising trends in asthma. 1 st ed. London: John
Wiley & Sons; 1997. p.122-39.
3. Blair H. Natural history of childhood asthma 20-year
follow up. Arch Dis Child 1977;52:613-9.
4. Anderson AL, Bland JM, Patel S, Peckham C. The
natural history of asthma in childhood [abstract]. J
Epidemiol Community Health 1986;40:121-9.
5. Montarano A, Bardana EJ. Gern JE, Lemanske RF.
Pediatric allergy can it be prevented? In: Kelly KJ
editors. Imunology and allergy clinics of North
America. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999:19. p.
233-52.
6. Landau LI. Risks of developing asthma. Pediatr
Pulmonol 1996;22:314-8.
7. Kaay AB. Asthma & inflammation. J Allergy Clin
Immunol 1991;87;893-910.
8. Szefler SJ. The natural history of asthma and early in-
tervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:S549-3.
9. Martinez FD. Links between pediatrics and adult
asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:S449-55.
10. Sears MR. Consequences of long term inflammation.
The natural history of asthma. Clin Chest Med
2000;21:315-29.
11. Roorda RJ. Prognostic factors for the outcome of child-
hood asthma in adolescence. Thorax 1996; 51Suppl1:
S7-12.
12. Oswald H, Phelan PD, Lanigan A. Childhood asthma
and lung function in mild-adult life. Pediatr Pulmonol
1997; 23:14-20.
13. Arsyad SH, Tariq SM, Matthew S. Sensitization to
common allergens and its association with allergic dis-
orders at age 4 years: a whole population birth cohort
study. Pediatr 2001;108:1-8.
14. Unit Kerja Koordinasi Pulmonologi Ikatan Dokter
Anak Indonesia. Konsensus Nasional Asma Anak
Denpasar, July, 2002.
15. Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM. Asthma and
wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med
1995;332:133-8.
16. Weiss CT, Gold DR. Gender differences in asthma.
Pediatr Pulmol 1995;19:153-5.
17. Landau LI. Gender related differences in airway tone
in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993;16:31-5.
18. Simon FER. Allergic rhinobronchitis: the asthma-al-
lergic rhinitis link. J Allergy Clin Immunol
1994;104:534-40
19. Passalacqua G, Ciprandi G, Canonica GW. United air-
way diseases: therapeutic implication. Thorax
2000;55(suppl2):S26-7.
20. Settipane GA, Greisner WA, Settipane RJ. Natural
history of asthma: a 23 years follow up of college stu-
dent. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000:84:499-503.
21. Kaufman J, Wright GW. The effect of nasal and na-
sopharyngeal irritation on airway resistance in man.
Am Rev Resp Dis 1979;100:626-30.
22. Gustafsson D, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Development of
allergies and asthma in infant and young children with
atopic dermatities- a prospective follow up to 7 years
of age. Allergy 2000;55:240-5.
23. Illi S, Mutius E, Lau S, Nickel R, Niggerman B,
Sommerfeld C, Wahn U. The pattern of atopic sensiti-
zation with the development of asthma in childhood. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;108:709-14.
24. Zeiger RS. Development and prevention of allergic
disease in childhood. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis
EF, Akinson NF,Yunginger JW, Busse WW, editors.
Allergy: principle and practice. 4 th ed. St Louis:Mosby
1993: p. 1137-71.
25. Platts-Mils TAE, Rakes G, Heymann PW. The relevance
of allergen exposure to development of asthma in child-
hood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S503-8.
26. Peat JK, Tovey E, toelle BG. House dust mite aller-
gens. A major risk faktor for childhood asthma in Aus-
tralia. Am J Crit Care Med 1996;153:141-56.
27. Cunningham J. Oconnor GT, Dockery DW. Environ-
mental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in chil-
dren in 24 communities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
1996;153:218-24.
28. Crombie IK, Wright A, Irvine L. Does passive
smoking increase the frequency of health service
contacts in children with asthma. Thorax
2001;56:9-12.
29. Markjaroenpong V. Rand CS, Butz AM, Eggleston P,
Malveaux FJ. Environmental tobacco smoke expo-
sure and nocturnal symptoms among inner city chil-
dren with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol
2002;110:147-53.
30. Oddy WH, Peat JK, Klerk NH. Maternal asthma, in-
fant feeding, and the risk of asthma in childhood. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:65-7.
31. Savilhati E, Taino VM, Salmenpera L. Prolonged
exclusive breast feeding and heredity as determi-
nants in infantile atopy. Arch Dis Child 1987:
62:269-73.
32. Oehling A, Cagnani CEB. Food allergy and child
asthma dikutip dari James JM. Respiratory tract and
food hypersensitivity. Immunology and Allergy Clin
North Am 1999;19:519-32.
33. Price GW, Hogan AD, Farris AH, Burks AW, Platts-
Mills TAE, Heymann PW. Sensitization (IgE anti-
body) to food allergens in wheezing infants and chil-
dren. J Allergi Clin Immunol 1995;96:266-70.
34. Nelson HS. The importance of allergens in the devel-
opment of asthma and the persistence of symptoms. J
Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S628-32.
Published
2016-10-10
How to Cite
1.
Asterina R, Siregar S, Madiyono B, Supriyatno B. Clinical manifestations of childhood asthma persisting until the age of seven. PI [Internet]. 10Oct.2016 [cited 28Apr.2024];44(1):1-. Available from: https://www.paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/724
Section
Articles
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Received 2016-09-28
Accepted 2016-09-28
Published 2016-10-10
Accepted 2016-09-28
Published 2016-10-10
