The influence of socioeconomic status and birth weight on blood pressure of Indonesian pre-pubertal children
Keywords:
socioeconomic status, blood pressure, prepubertal children, Indonesia
Abstract
Background It has been shown that elevated blood pressure (BP)in childhood contributes to the development of coronary artery
disease, cerebrovascular accidents, heart failure, and renal failure
in adults. There is also evidence of some correlations between
childhood BP and BP in adulthood. Obesity as well as low birth
weight are a risk factors for elevated BP, both in children and in
adults. Most epidemiological studies have also shown a
relationship between high BP and socioeconomic status (SES).
Objective To assess the influence of socioeconomic status and
birth weight on blood pressure of school-aged prepubertal children
living in Indonesia.
Methods A cross-sectional survey on 2922 school-aged
prepubertal children from the rural, poorurban and nonpoor urban
communities was performed. Data on age, sex, stature, BMI, birth
weight, systolic and diastolic BP were collected from all children.
Results Overall and within every socioeconomic status group,
blood pressures were positively associated with stature and body
mass index (BMI). Children from poor-socioeconomic families,
i.e. rural and poor urban, had significantly lower height and BMI,
and hence, in the unadjusted analyses, poor socioeconomic status
was associated with lower systolic and diastolic BP. However, after
adjustment for age, sex, stature and BMI, rural children were found
to have significantly higher systolic BP compared to nonpoor urban
children, with regression coefficient (95% CI) of 1.19(0.42 to
1.96). Birth weight was not associated with blood pressure in
childhood.
Conclusion This study indicated that for a given stature and BMI,
poor children had a higher systolic BP
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artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular
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measures in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation
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in relation to relative weight at birth through childhood and
adulthood and youth obese and non-obese adult men. Int J
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Nutr 1998;67:1141-6.
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associated with body mass index in both normal and obese
children. Hypertension 2000;36:165-70.
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of epidemic proportions. Hypertension 2002;40:441-7.
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and educational attainment the NHANES I epidemiologic
follow up study. Am J Epid 2000;152:272-8.
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status and blood pressure: an overview analysis. J Hum
Hypertens 1998;12:91-110.
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overweight of prepubertal children in northwest Germany.
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blood pressure in adolescents of low socioeconomic status
with short stature. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:435-9.
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of full-term low birth weight infants in Northeast Brazil are
related to socioeconomic status. J Nutr 1997;127:1950-6.
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Indonesia infants in West Java are determined more by
prenatal environment than by postnatal factors. J Nutr
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34. Julia M, Surjono A, Hakimi M. Role of breastfeeding in
protecting children from malnutrition: a comparative study
of nutritional status in children under two years of age in two
districts in Indonesia. Pediatr Indones 2002;42:106-12.
35. Adair LS. Filipino children exhibit catch-up growth from age
2 to 12 years. J Nutr 1999;129:1140-8.
36. Walker SP, Gaskin P, Powell CA, Bennet FI, Forrester TE,
Grantham-McGregor S. The effects of birth weight and
postnatal linear growth retardation on blood pressure at age
11-12 years. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55:394-8.
37. Huxley RR, Shiell AW, Law CM. The role of size at birth
and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood
pressure: a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens
2000;18:815-31.
38. Huxley R, Neil A, Collins R. Unraveling the fetal origin
hypothesis: is there really an inverse association between
birth weight and subsequent blood pressure? Lancet
2002;360:659-65.
39. Adair LS, Cole TJ. Rapid child growth raises blood presure in
adolescent boys who were thin at birth. Hypertension
2003;41:451-6.
40. Cheung YB, Low L, Osmond C, Barker D, Karlberg J. Fetal
growth and early postnatal growth are related to blood
pressure in adults. Hypertension 2000;36:795-800.
41. Law CM, Shiell AW, Newsome CA, Syddall HE, Shinebourne
EA, Fayers PM, et al. Fetal, infant, and childhood growth
and adult blood pressure. A longitudinal study from birth to
22 years of age. Circulation 2002;105:1088-92.
42. Forsen T, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Notkola I-L, Eriksson J,
Vinni S. Growth in childhood and blood pressure in Finnish
children. J Hum Hyperten 1998;12:397-402.
43. Budhi-Darmojo R and Tim Monica Jakarta. Proyek Monica
di Jakarta. Suatu penelitian penyakit jantung di komunitas.
Medika 1991;17:275-83.
44. Wahab AS. Studies of blood pressure and prevalence of
hypertension in children in some districts of Yogyakarta.
Pediatr Indones 1986;26:119-26.
45. UNICEF. The state of the world’s children 2005. (cited 2005
Feb 12) Available from: http://www.unicef.org/sowc05/
english/sowc05 Tables.pdf.
on etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pediatr Clin N Am
1999;46:235-52.
2. Gillman MW, Cook NR, Rosner B, Evans DA, Keough ME,
Taylor JO, et al. Identifying children at high risk for the
development of essential hypertension. J Pediatr 1993;
122:837-46.
3. Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan S, Bond MG, Tang R, Urbina EM,
et al. Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and carotid
vascular changes in adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study.
JAMA 2003;290:2271-6.
4. Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid
artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular
hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure.
Pediatrics 2003;111:61-6.
5. Burke GL, Arcilla RA, Culpepper WS, Webber LS, Chiang
YK, Berenson GS. Blood pressure and echocardiographic
measures in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation
1987;75:106-14.
6. Schack-Nielsen L, Holst C, Sorensen TIA. Blood pressure
in relation to relative weight at birth through childhood and
adulthood and youth obese and non-obese adult men. Int J
Obes 2002;26:1539-46.
7. Chu NF, Rimm EB, Wang DJ, Liou HS, Shieh SM. Clustering
of cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese
schoolchildren: the Taipei Children Heart Study. Am J Clin
Nutr 1998;67:1141-6.
8. He Q, Ding ZY, Fong DY, Karlberg J. Blood pressure is
associated with body mass index in both normal and obese
children. Hypertension 2000;36:165-70.
9. Sorof J, Daniels S. Obesity hypertension in children: a problem
of epidemic proportions. Hypertension 2002;40:441-7.
10. Vargas CM, Ingram DD, Gillum RF. Incidence of hypertension
and educational attainment the NHANES I epidemiologic
follow up study. Am J Epid 2000;152:272-8.
11. Colhoun HM, Hemingway H, Poulter NR. Socio-economic
status and blood pressure: an overview analysis. J Hum
Hypertens 1998;12:91-110.
12. Langnase K, Mast M, Muller MJ. Social class differences in
overweight of prepubertal children in northwest Germany.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:566-72.
13. Soekirman, Hardiansyah, Jus’at I, Jahari AB. Zulkafli H.
Regional study of nutritional status of urban primary school
children. West Jakarta and Bogor, Indonesia. Food Nutr Bull
2002;23:31-40.
14. Mendez MA, Cooper R, Wilks R, Luke A, Forrester T. Income,
education, and blood pressure in adults in Jamaica, a middle-
income developing country. Int J Epid 2003; 32:400-7 .
15. Gulliford M. Commentary: epidemiological transition and
socioeconomic inequalities in blood pressure in Jamaica. Int
J epid 2003;32:408-9.
16. Bovet P, Ross AG, Gervasoni JP, Mkamba M, Mtasiwa DM,
Langeler C, et al. Distribution of blood pressure, body mass
index and smoking habits in the urban population of Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania, and associations with socioeconomic
status. Int J Epid 2002;31:240-7.
17. Mbaya JCN, Minkolou EM, Salah JN, Balkau B. The
prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon.
Int J Epid 1998;27:181-5.
18. Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC, Unwin NC, Porcher R, Kengne AP, Fezeu
L, et al. Exposure over the life course to an urban environment
and its relation with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in rural
and urban Cameroon. In J Epid 2004;33:769-76.
19. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of
cardiovascualr diseases. Part I: General considerations, the
epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of
urbanization. Circulation 2001;104:2746-53.
20. Torun B, Stein AD, Scroeder D, Grajeda R, Conlisk A,
Rodriguez M, et al. Rural-to -urban migration and
cardiovascular disease risk fctors in young Guatemalan
adults. Int J Epid 2001;31:218-26.
21. Smith GD, Hart C. Life -course socioeconomic and
behavioural influences on cardiovascular disease mortality:
the collaborative study. Am J Public Health 2002; 92:1295-
8.
22. Barker DJP, Forsen T, Eriksson JG, Osmond C. Growth and
living conditions in childhood and hypertension in adult life:
a longitudinal study. J Hypertens 2002; 20:1951-6.
23. Hardy R, Wadsworth MEJ, Langenberg C, Kuh D. Birth
weight, childhood growth, and blood pressure at 43 years in
a British birth cohort. Int J Epid 2004;33:121-9.
24. BPS-Statistics of D.I. Yogyakarta Province. Daerah Istimewa
Yogyakarta in Figures 1999. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: BPS-
Statistics of D.I. Yogyakarta Province, 1999.
25. Julia M, van Weissenbruch MM, Delemarre-van de Waal
HA, Surjono A. Influence of socioeconomic status on the
prevalence of stunted growth and obesity in Indonesian
children. Food Nutr Bull 2004;25:354-60.
26. WHO. Measuring change in nutritional status: guidelines
for assessing the nutritional impact of supplementary feeding
programmes in vulnerable groups. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 1983.
27. Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children. Report
of the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in
Children. Pediatrics 1987;79:1-25.
28. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM,
Flegal KM, Mei Z, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the
United States: methods and development. National Center
for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2002;11:1-190.
29. WHO Technical Report Series. Physical status: the use and
interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 1995.
30. Adair LS, Guilkey DK. Age-specific determinants of stunting
in Filipino children J Nutr 1997;127:314-20.
31. Fernandes MTB, Sesso R, Martins PA, Sawaya AL. Increased
blood pressure in adolescents of low socioeconomic status
with short stature. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:435-9.
32. Ashworth A, Morris SS, Lira PIC. Postnatal growth patterns
of full-term low birth weight infants in Northeast Brazil are
related to socioeconomic status. J Nutr 1997;127:1950-6.
33. Schmidt MK, Muslimatun S, West CE, Schultink W, Gross
R, Hautvast GAJ. Nutritional status and linear growth of
Indonesia infants in West Java are determined more by
prenatal environment than by postnatal factors. J Nutr
2002;132:2202-7.
34. Julia M, Surjono A, Hakimi M. Role of breastfeeding in
protecting children from malnutrition: a comparative study
of nutritional status in children under two years of age in two
districts in Indonesia. Pediatr Indones 2002;42:106-12.
35. Adair LS. Filipino children exhibit catch-up growth from age
2 to 12 years. J Nutr 1999;129:1140-8.
36. Walker SP, Gaskin P, Powell CA, Bennet FI, Forrester TE,
Grantham-McGregor S. The effects of birth weight and
postnatal linear growth retardation on blood pressure at age
11-12 years. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55:394-8.
37. Huxley RR, Shiell AW, Law CM. The role of size at birth
and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood
pressure: a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens
2000;18:815-31.
38. Huxley R, Neil A, Collins R. Unraveling the fetal origin
hypothesis: is there really an inverse association between
birth weight and subsequent blood pressure? Lancet
2002;360:659-65.
39. Adair LS, Cole TJ. Rapid child growth raises blood presure in
adolescent boys who were thin at birth. Hypertension
2003;41:451-6.
40. Cheung YB, Low L, Osmond C, Barker D, Karlberg J. Fetal
growth and early postnatal growth are related to blood
pressure in adults. Hypertension 2000;36:795-800.
41. Law CM, Shiell AW, Newsome CA, Syddall HE, Shinebourne
EA, Fayers PM, et al. Fetal, infant, and childhood growth
and adult blood pressure. A longitudinal study from birth to
22 years of age. Circulation 2002;105:1088-92.
42. Forsen T, Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J, Notkola I-L, Eriksson J,
Vinni S. Growth in childhood and blood pressure in Finnish
children. J Hum Hyperten 1998;12:397-402.
43. Budhi-Darmojo R and Tim Monica Jakarta. Proyek Monica
di Jakarta. Suatu penelitian penyakit jantung di komunitas.
Medika 1991;17:275-83.
44. Wahab AS. Studies of blood pressure and prevalence of
hypertension in children in some districts of Yogyakarta.
Pediatr Indones 1986;26:119-26.
45. UNICEF. The state of the world’s children 2005. (cited 2005
Feb 12) Available from: http://www.unicef.org/sowc05/
english/sowc05 Tables.pdf.
Published
2016-09-24
How to Cite
1.
Julia M, van Weissenburch M, de Waal H, Surjono A. The influence of socioeconomic status and birth weight on blood pressure of Indonesian pre-pubertal children. PI [Internet]. 24Sep.2016 [cited 3May2024];47(6):270-. Available from: https://www.paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/431
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Received 2016-09-02
Accepted 2016-09-02
Published 2016-09-24
Accepted 2016-09-02
Published 2016-09-24
