Dietary intake and stunting in children aged 6-23 months in rural Sumba, Indonesia
Keywords:
stunting, complementary feeding, dietary intake, dietary diversity, macronutrient and micronutrient, Indonesia
Abstract
Background Linear growth retardation in the first two years of life leads to numerous harmful consequences. Lack of diversity in the diet and inadequate amounts of complementary food have been associated with stunted growth in children.
Objective To assess the dietary intake and investigate for associations with stunting among children aged 6-23 months.
Methods This case-control study compared the dietary intake of children aged 6-23 months with and without stunting in the South and West Wewewa subdistricts of Southwest Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Complementary food types, dietary diversity, and nutritional intake were assessed and compared between groups. Nutrient intake sufficiency and stunting were analyzed by logistic regression.
Results A total of 200 participants were equally allocated into groups with and without stunting. Only 6% of stunted children received adequate complementary food diversity compared to 14% of non-stunted children (P=0.05). The stunted group had significantly lower consumption of flesh foods (beef, fish, poultry, organ meat, and other kinds of meat) compared to the non-stunted group (7% vs. 16% of subjects, respectively; P<0.05). The median total protein intake was also significantly lower in stunted children compared to non-stunted children [7.72 (IQR 6.46, 11.31) g vs. 10.02 (IQR 6.53, 13.95) g, respectively; P<0.05] although no association was found between protein intake sufficiency and stunting in the multivariate analysis. Only maternal unemployment was positively associated with stunting (OR 2.32; 95%CI 1.26 to 4.26).
Conclusion Overall, most subjects did not receive sufficient amounts of nutrients. Although dietary diversity was not found to be significantly different between those with and without stunting, a significantly lower proportion of stunted children consumed flesh food. The stunted group also received significantly lower protein from their diet although no association was found between nutrient intake sufficiency and stunting. Further studies are needed to longitudinally assess the effects of macronutrient and micronutrient intake sufficiency on linear growth in children.
References
1. Sudfeld CR, McCoy DC, Danaei G, Fink G, Ezzati M, Andrews KG, et al. Linear growth and child development in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e1266-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3111
2. Stewart C, Iannotti L, Dewey K, Michaelsen K, Onyango A. Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention. Matern Child Nutr. 2013;9Suppl.2:27–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12088
3. de Onis M, Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(Suppl. 1):12–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12231
4. Sunny BS, DeStavola B, Dube A, Kondowe S, Crampin AC, Glynn JR. Does early linear growth failure influence later school performance? A cohort study in Karonga district, northern Malawi. PloS One. 2018;13:e0200380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200380
5. Hoffman DJ. Growth retardation and metabolic programming: implications and consequences for adult health and disease risk. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:325–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.04.005.
6. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. [Internet]. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2013 [cited 2021 Aug 1]. Available from: http://labdata.litbang.kemkes.go.id/images/download/laporan/RKD/2013/Laporan_riskesdas_2013_final.pdf
7. Sudikno, Irawan I, Setyawati B, Sari Y, Wiryawan Y, Puspitasari D, et al. Laporan akhir penelitian studi status gizi balita di Indonesia tahun 2019 [Internet]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Indonesian Health Ministry; 2019 [cited 2020 Jun 13]. Available from: https://cegahstunting.id/download/2611/
8. Ahmad A, Madanijah S, Dwiriani C, Kolopaking R. Complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6-23 months old: formative study in Aceh, Indonesia. Nutr Res Pract. 2018;12:512–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2018.12.6.512
9. Wicaksono RA, Arto KS, Mutiara E, Deliana M, Lubis M, Batubara JRL. Risk factors of stunting in Indonesian children aged 1 to 60 months. Paediatr Indones. 2021;61:12–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi61.1.2021.12-9
10. Krasevec J, An X, Kumapley R, Bégin F, Frongillo EA. Diet quality and risk of stunting among infants and young children in low- and middle-income countries. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(Suppl. 2):e12430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12430
11. White JM, Bégin F, Kumapley R, Murray C, Krasevec J. Complementary feeding practices: current global and regional estimates. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13Suppl.2:e12505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12505
12. Haszard JJ, Diana A, Daniels L, Houghton LA, Gibson RS. Development of a nutrient quality score for the complementary diets of Indonesian infants and relationships with linear growth and stunting: a longitudinal analysis. Br J Nutr. 2019;122:71–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519000813
13. Umeta M, West CE, Verhoef H, Haidar J, Hautvast JGAJ. Factors associated with stunting in infants aged 5-11 months in the Dodota-Sire District, rural Ethiopia. J Nutr. 2003;133:1064–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1064
14. Muslimatun S, Wiradnyani LAA. Dietary diversity, animal source food consumption and linear growth among children aged 1-5 years in Bandung, Indonesia: a longitudinal observational study. Br J Nutr. 2016;116Suppl. 1:S27-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515005395
15. Tessema M, Gunaratna N, Brouwer I, Donato K, Cohen J, McConnell M, et al. Associations among high-quality protein and energy intake, serum transthyretin, serum amino acids and linear growth of children in Etiopia. Nutrients. 2018:10:1776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111776
16. Branca F, Ferrari M. Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on growth: the stunting syndrome. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46Suppl. 1:8–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000066397.
17. Mardewi KW, Sidiartha IGL, Gunawijaya E. Low serum zinc and short stature in children. Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:171–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi56.3.2016.171-5.
18. Limardi S, Hasanah DM, Utami NMD, Sidiartha IGL. Investigating Minimum Acceptable Diet and Infant and Child Feeding Index as indicators of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. Paediatr Indones. 2020;60:259–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi60.5.2020.259-68.
19. World Health Organization. Interpreting growth indicators. In: Training course on child growth assessment: WHO child growth standard [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008 [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Available from: www.who.int/childgrowth/training/module_c_interpreting_indicators.pdf
20. Urbaniak G, Plous S. Research randomizer [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 May 12]. Available from: http://www.randomizer.org/
21. World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals [Internet]. France: World Health Organization; 2009 [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from:https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/9789241597494.pdf
22. Indonesian Health Ministry. Peraturan menteri kesehatan nomor 28 tahun 2019 tentang angka kecukupan gizi masyarakat Indonesia [Internet]. Indonesian Health Ministry; 2019 [cited 2021 Jun 10]. Available from: http://hukor.kemkes.go.id/uploads/produk_hukum/PMK_No__28_Th_2019_ttg_Angka_Kecukupan_Gizi_Yang_Dianjurkan_Untuk_Masyarakat_Indonesia.pdf
23. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund; 2021 [cited 2021 Jul 1]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1341846/retrieve
24. Indonesian Health Ministry. Food Atlas (Buku foto makanan) [Internet]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Indonesian Health Ministry; 2014 [cited 2021 Jun 19]. Available from: http://sikap.pemkomedan.go.id/sipolan/porsimetri.pdf
25. Direktorat Jendral Kesehatan Masyarakat, Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat, Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Tabel komposisi pangan Indonesia 2017 [Internet]. Jakarta, Kemenkes RI; 2018 [cited 2021 Jul 1]. Available from: http://repo.stikesperintis.ac.id/1110/1/32%20Tabel%20Komposisi%20Pangan%20Indonesia.pdf.
26. Millward DJ, Jackson AA. Protein/energy ratios of current diets in developed and developing countries compared with a safe protein/energy ratio: implications for recommended protein and amino acid intakes. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7:387–405. DOI: 10.1079/PHN2003545.
27. Dewey KG, Finley DA, Lönnerdal B. Breast milk volume and composition during late lactation (7-20 months). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984;3:713–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198411000-00014.
28. World Health Organization. Complementary feeding: family foods for breastfed children [Internet]. France: World Health Organization; 2000 [cited 2021 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/WHO_NHD_00.1/en/
29. Briefel RR, Kalb LM, Condon E, Deming DM, Clusen NA, Fox MK, et al. The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008: study design and methods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(12 Suppl):S16-26. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.09.005.
30. Onyango AW, Receveur O, Esrey SA. The contribution of breastmilk to toddler diets in western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80:292–9. PMID: 12075365.
31. Yagi T, Iwamoto S, Mizuseki R, Furuya M, Nakayama K. Contents of all forms of vitamin B6, pyridoxine-?-glucoside and 4-pyridoxic acid in mature milk of Japanese women according to 4-pyridoxolactone-conversion high performance liquid chromatography. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013;59:9–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.9.
32. Dórea JG. Magnesium in human milk. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:210–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718919.
33. McCrory MA, Campbell WW. Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulation: symposium overview. J Nutr. 2011;141:144–7. DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.114918.
34. Chairunnisa E, Kusumastuti AC, Panunggal B. [Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus intake of children 12 - 24 momths with and without stunting in Semarang]. Article in Indonesian. J Nutr Coll. 2018;7:39–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v7i1.20780.
35. World Health Organization. Guidelines on sanitation and health [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Available from: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274939/9789241514705-eng.pdf?ua=1.
36. World Health Organization. Safely managed drinking water - thematic report on drinking water 2017 [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2020 Jul 1]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/safely-managed-drinking-water-JMP-2017-1.pdf.
37. Khamis AG, Mwanri AW, Ntwenya JE, Kreppel K. The influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23?months of age in Tanzania. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19:518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1897-5.
38. Mahmudiono T, Sumarmi S, Rosenkranz RR. Household dietary diversity and child stunting in East Java, Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26:317–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.012016.01.
39. Pereira PM de CC, Vicente AF dos RB. Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet. Meat Sci. 2013;93:586–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.018
40. Krebs N, Mazariegos M, Tshefu A, Bose C, Sami N, Chomba E, et al. Meat consumption is associated with less stunting among toddlers in four diverse low-income settings. Food Nutr Bull. 2011;32:185–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200301.
41. Sjarif DR, Yuliarti K, Iskandar WJ. Daily consumption of growing-up milk is associated with less stunting among Indonesian toddlers. Med J Indones. 2019;28:70–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v28i1.2607.
42. Ernawati F, Prihatini M, Yuriestia A. The profile of vegetable - animal protein consumption of stunting and underweight children under five years old in Indonesia]. Article in Indonesian. Nutr Food Res. 2016;39:95–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22435/pgm.v39i2.6973.
43. Rahmaniah R, Huriyati E, Irwanti W. [Low energy and protein intake is not a risk factor for stunting in children 6-23 months]. Article in Indonesian. Indones J Nutr Diet. 2016;2:150–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2014.2(3).150-158.
44. East Nusa Tenggara Government, Food Security Council Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, World Food Programme. [Food security and vurnerability atlas East Nusa Tenggara 2015]. Article in Indonesian. [Internet]. Indonesia: World Food Programme; 2015 [cited 2020 Jul 1]. Available from: https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp285131.pdf
45. Joosten K, Meyer R. Nutritional screening and guidelines for managing the child with faltering growth. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(Suppl. 1):S22-4. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.44
46. Pratiwi I, Irawan R, Hidayat B. [Association of total calorie, protein, protein to calorie ratio of complementary feeding and milk consumption pattern with stunting in children 6-24 months in Kenjeran, Surabaya, Indonesia]. Article in Indonesian. Medicina. 2019;50:576–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/Medicina.v50i3.627
47. Theron M, Amissah A, Kleynhans IC, Albertse E, MacIntyre UE. Inadequate dietary intake is not the cause of stunting amongst young children living in an informal settlement in Gauteng and rural Limpopo Province in South Africa: the NutriGro study. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:379–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007246579.
48. Hautvast J, van der Heijden L, Luneta A, van Starveren W, Tolboom J, van Gasterl S. Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:50–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600676.
49. Kostecka M, Jackowska I, Kostecka J. Factors affecting complementary feeding of infants: a pilot study conducted after the introduction of new infant feeding guidelines in Poland. Nutrients. 2020;13:E61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010061.
50. Mitchodigni IM, Hounkpatin WA, Ntandou-Bouzitou G, Avohou H, Termote C, Kennedy G, et al. Complementary feeding practices: determinants of dietary diversity and meal frequency among children aged 6–23 months in Southern Benin. Food Secur. 2017;9:1117–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0722-y.
51. Sanin KI, Islam MM, Mahfuz M, Ahmed AMS, Mondal D, Haque R, et al. Micronutrient adequacy is poor, but not associated with stunting between 12-24 months of age: a cohort study findings from a slum area of Bangladesh. PloS One. 2018;13:e0195072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195072.
52. Islam MM, Sanin KI, Mahfuz M, Ahmed AMS, Mondal D, Haque R, et al. Risk factors of stunting among children living in an urban slum of Bangladesh: findings of a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5101-x.
53. Paramashanti B, Benita S. Early introduction of complementary food and childhood stunting were linked among children aged 6-23 months. J Gizi Klin Indones. 2020;17:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.53788.
54. Raiten DJ, Bremer AA. Exploring the nutritional ecology of stunting: new approaches to an old problem. Nutrients. 2020;12:E371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020371.
55. Schwarzenberg SJ, Georgieff MK, Committee on Nutrition. Advocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20173716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3716.
56. Nyaradi A, Li J, Hickling S, Foster J, Oddy WH. The role of nutrition in children’s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097.
57. Suskind DL. Nutritional deficiencies during normal growth. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56:1035–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.004.
58. Widodo Y, Sandjaja, Sumedi E. Dietary intake of Indonesian children 6 month to 12 year of age (Gambaran konsumsi zat gizi anak umur 6 bulan - 12 tahun di Indonesia). J Indones Nutr Assoc. 2013;36:143–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36457/gizindo.v36i2.142.
59. Reinhardt K, Fanzo J. Addressing chronic malnutrition through multi-sectoral, sustainable approaches: a review of the causes and consequences. Front Nutr. 2014;1:13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2014.00013.
60. Torlesse H, Cronin A, Sebayang S, Nandy R. Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-8.
61. Nkurunziza S, Meessen B, Van Geertruyden J, Korachais C. Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among Burundian children aged 6-23 months: evidence from a national cross-sectional household survey 2014. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17:176–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0929-2.
2. Stewart C, Iannotti L, Dewey K, Michaelsen K, Onyango A. Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention. Matern Child Nutr. 2013;9Suppl.2:27–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12088
3. de Onis M, Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(Suppl. 1):12–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12231
4. Sunny BS, DeStavola B, Dube A, Kondowe S, Crampin AC, Glynn JR. Does early linear growth failure influence later school performance? A cohort study in Karonga district, northern Malawi. PloS One. 2018;13:e0200380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200380
5. Hoffman DJ. Growth retardation and metabolic programming: implications and consequences for adult health and disease risk. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:325–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.04.005.
6. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. [Internet]. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2013 [cited 2021 Aug 1]. Available from: http://labdata.litbang.kemkes.go.id/images/download/laporan/RKD/2013/Laporan_riskesdas_2013_final.pdf
7. Sudikno, Irawan I, Setyawati B, Sari Y, Wiryawan Y, Puspitasari D, et al. Laporan akhir penelitian studi status gizi balita di Indonesia tahun 2019 [Internet]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Indonesian Health Ministry; 2019 [cited 2020 Jun 13]. Available from: https://cegahstunting.id/download/2611/
8. Ahmad A, Madanijah S, Dwiriani C, Kolopaking R. Complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6-23 months old: formative study in Aceh, Indonesia. Nutr Res Pract. 2018;12:512–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2018.12.6.512
9. Wicaksono RA, Arto KS, Mutiara E, Deliana M, Lubis M, Batubara JRL. Risk factors of stunting in Indonesian children aged 1 to 60 months. Paediatr Indones. 2021;61:12–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi61.1.2021.12-9
10. Krasevec J, An X, Kumapley R, Bégin F, Frongillo EA. Diet quality and risk of stunting among infants and young children in low- and middle-income countries. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(Suppl. 2):e12430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12430
11. White JM, Bégin F, Kumapley R, Murray C, Krasevec J. Complementary feeding practices: current global and regional estimates. Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13Suppl.2:e12505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12505
12. Haszard JJ, Diana A, Daniels L, Houghton LA, Gibson RS. Development of a nutrient quality score for the complementary diets of Indonesian infants and relationships with linear growth and stunting: a longitudinal analysis. Br J Nutr. 2019;122:71–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519000813
13. Umeta M, West CE, Verhoef H, Haidar J, Hautvast JGAJ. Factors associated with stunting in infants aged 5-11 months in the Dodota-Sire District, rural Ethiopia. J Nutr. 2003;133:1064–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.4.1064
14. Muslimatun S, Wiradnyani LAA. Dietary diversity, animal source food consumption and linear growth among children aged 1-5 years in Bandung, Indonesia: a longitudinal observational study. Br J Nutr. 2016;116Suppl. 1:S27-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515005395
15. Tessema M, Gunaratna N, Brouwer I, Donato K, Cohen J, McConnell M, et al. Associations among high-quality protein and energy intake, serum transthyretin, serum amino acids and linear growth of children in Etiopia. Nutrients. 2018:10:1776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111776
16. Branca F, Ferrari M. Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on growth: the stunting syndrome. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46Suppl. 1:8–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000066397.
17. Mardewi KW, Sidiartha IGL, Gunawijaya E. Low serum zinc and short stature in children. Paediatr Indones. 2016;56:171–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi56.3.2016.171-5.
18. Limardi S, Hasanah DM, Utami NMD, Sidiartha IGL. Investigating Minimum Acceptable Diet and Infant and Child Feeding Index as indicators of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. Paediatr Indones. 2020;60:259–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi60.5.2020.259-68.
19. World Health Organization. Interpreting growth indicators. In: Training course on child growth assessment: WHO child growth standard [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008 [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Available from: www.who.int/childgrowth/training/module_c_interpreting_indicators.pdf
20. Urbaniak G, Plous S. Research randomizer [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2021 May 12]. Available from: http://www.randomizer.org/
21. World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals [Internet]. France: World Health Organization; 2009 [cited 2021 May 20]. Available from:https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/9789241597494.pdf
22. Indonesian Health Ministry. Peraturan menteri kesehatan nomor 28 tahun 2019 tentang angka kecukupan gizi masyarakat Indonesia [Internet]. Indonesian Health Ministry; 2019 [cited 2021 Jun 10]. Available from: http://hukor.kemkes.go.id/uploads/produk_hukum/PMK_No__28_Th_2019_ttg_Angka_Kecukupan_Gizi_Yang_Dianjurkan_Untuk_Masyarakat_Indonesia.pdf
23. World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund; 2021 [cited 2021 Jul 1]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1341846/retrieve
24. Indonesian Health Ministry. Food Atlas (Buku foto makanan) [Internet]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Indonesian Health Ministry; 2014 [cited 2021 Jun 19]. Available from: http://sikap.pemkomedan.go.id/sipolan/porsimetri.pdf
25. Direktorat Jendral Kesehatan Masyarakat, Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat, Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Tabel komposisi pangan Indonesia 2017 [Internet]. Jakarta, Kemenkes RI; 2018 [cited 2021 Jul 1]. Available from: http://repo.stikesperintis.ac.id/1110/1/32%20Tabel%20Komposisi%20Pangan%20Indonesia.pdf.
26. Millward DJ, Jackson AA. Protein/energy ratios of current diets in developed and developing countries compared with a safe protein/energy ratio: implications for recommended protein and amino acid intakes. Public Health Nutr. 2004;7:387–405. DOI: 10.1079/PHN2003545.
27. Dewey KG, Finley DA, Lönnerdal B. Breast milk volume and composition during late lactation (7-20 months). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984;3:713–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198411000-00014.
28. World Health Organization. Complementary feeding: family foods for breastfed children [Internet]. France: World Health Organization; 2000 [cited 2021 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/WHO_NHD_00.1/en/
29. Briefel RR, Kalb LM, Condon E, Deming DM, Clusen NA, Fox MK, et al. The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008: study design and methods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(12 Suppl):S16-26. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.09.005.
30. Onyango AW, Receveur O, Esrey SA. The contribution of breastmilk to toddler diets in western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80:292–9. PMID: 12075365.
31. Yagi T, Iwamoto S, Mizuseki R, Furuya M, Nakayama K. Contents of all forms of vitamin B6, pyridoxine-?-glucoside and 4-pyridoxic acid in mature milk of Japanese women according to 4-pyridoxolactone-conversion high performance liquid chromatography. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013;59:9–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.59.9.
32. Dórea JG. Magnesium in human milk. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:210–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718919.
33. McCrory MA, Campbell WW. Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulation: symposium overview. J Nutr. 2011;141:144–7. DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.114918.
34. Chairunnisa E, Kusumastuti AC, Panunggal B. [Vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus intake of children 12 - 24 momths with and without stunting in Semarang]. Article in Indonesian. J Nutr Coll. 2018;7:39–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v7i1.20780.
35. World Health Organization. Guidelines on sanitation and health [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2020 Jul 8]. Available from: apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274939/9789241514705-eng.pdf?ua=1.
36. World Health Organization. Safely managed drinking water - thematic report on drinking water 2017 [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2020 Jul 1]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/safely-managed-drinking-water-JMP-2017-1.pdf.
37. Khamis AG, Mwanri AW, Ntwenya JE, Kreppel K. The influence of dietary diversity on the nutritional status of children between 6 and 23?months of age in Tanzania. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19:518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1897-5.
38. Mahmudiono T, Sumarmi S, Rosenkranz RR. Household dietary diversity and child stunting in East Java, Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26:317–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.012016.01.
39. Pereira PM de CC, Vicente AF dos RB. Meat nutritional composition and nutritive role in the human diet. Meat Sci. 2013;93:586–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.018
40. Krebs N, Mazariegos M, Tshefu A, Bose C, Sami N, Chomba E, et al. Meat consumption is associated with less stunting among toddlers in four diverse low-income settings. Food Nutr Bull. 2011;32:185–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200301.
41. Sjarif DR, Yuliarti K, Iskandar WJ. Daily consumption of growing-up milk is associated with less stunting among Indonesian toddlers. Med J Indones. 2019;28:70–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v28i1.2607.
42. Ernawati F, Prihatini M, Yuriestia A. The profile of vegetable - animal protein consumption of stunting and underweight children under five years old in Indonesia]. Article in Indonesian. Nutr Food Res. 2016;39:95–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22435/pgm.v39i2.6973.
43. Rahmaniah R, Huriyati E, Irwanti W. [Low energy and protein intake is not a risk factor for stunting in children 6-23 months]. Article in Indonesian. Indones J Nutr Diet. 2016;2:150–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2014.2(3).150-158.
44. East Nusa Tenggara Government, Food Security Council Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, World Food Programme. [Food security and vurnerability atlas East Nusa Tenggara 2015]. Article in Indonesian. [Internet]. Indonesia: World Food Programme; 2015 [cited 2020 Jul 1]. Available from: https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp285131.pdf
45. Joosten K, Meyer R. Nutritional screening and guidelines for managing the child with faltering growth. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(Suppl. 1):S22-4. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.44
46. Pratiwi I, Irawan R, Hidayat B. [Association of total calorie, protein, protein to calorie ratio of complementary feeding and milk consumption pattern with stunting in children 6-24 months in Kenjeran, Surabaya, Indonesia]. Article in Indonesian. Medicina. 2019;50:576–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/Medicina.v50i3.627
47. Theron M, Amissah A, Kleynhans IC, Albertse E, MacIntyre UE. Inadequate dietary intake is not the cause of stunting amongst young children living in an informal settlement in Gauteng and rural Limpopo Province in South Africa: the NutriGro study. Public Health Nutr. 2007;10:379–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007246579.
48. Hautvast J, van der Heijden L, Luneta A, van Starveren W, Tolboom J, van Gasterl S. Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53:50–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600676.
49. Kostecka M, Jackowska I, Kostecka J. Factors affecting complementary feeding of infants: a pilot study conducted after the introduction of new infant feeding guidelines in Poland. Nutrients. 2020;13:E61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010061.
50. Mitchodigni IM, Hounkpatin WA, Ntandou-Bouzitou G, Avohou H, Termote C, Kennedy G, et al. Complementary feeding practices: determinants of dietary diversity and meal frequency among children aged 6–23 months in Southern Benin. Food Secur. 2017;9:1117–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0722-y.
51. Sanin KI, Islam MM, Mahfuz M, Ahmed AMS, Mondal D, Haque R, et al. Micronutrient adequacy is poor, but not associated with stunting between 12-24 months of age: a cohort study findings from a slum area of Bangladesh. PloS One. 2018;13:e0195072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195072.
52. Islam MM, Sanin KI, Mahfuz M, Ahmed AMS, Mondal D, Haque R, et al. Risk factors of stunting among children living in an urban slum of Bangladesh: findings of a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5101-x.
53. Paramashanti B, Benita S. Early introduction of complementary food and childhood stunting were linked among children aged 6-23 months. J Gizi Klin Indones. 2020;17:1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.53788.
54. Raiten DJ, Bremer AA. Exploring the nutritional ecology of stunting: new approaches to an old problem. Nutrients. 2020;12:E371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020371.
55. Schwarzenberg SJ, Georgieff MK, Committee on Nutrition. Advocacy for improving nutrition in the first 1000 days to support childhood development and adult health. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20173716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-3716.
56. Nyaradi A, Li J, Hickling S, Foster J, Oddy WH. The role of nutrition in children’s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097.
57. Suskind DL. Nutritional deficiencies during normal growth. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56:1035–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.004.
58. Widodo Y, Sandjaja, Sumedi E. Dietary intake of Indonesian children 6 month to 12 year of age (Gambaran konsumsi zat gizi anak umur 6 bulan - 12 tahun di Indonesia). J Indones Nutr Assoc. 2013;36:143–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36457/gizindo.v36i2.142.
59. Reinhardt K, Fanzo J. Addressing chronic malnutrition through multi-sectoral, sustainable approaches: a review of the causes and consequences. Front Nutr. 2014;1:13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2014.00013.
60. Torlesse H, Cronin A, Sebayang S, Nandy R. Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-8.
61. Nkurunziza S, Meessen B, Van Geertruyden J, Korachais C. Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among Burundian children aged 6-23 months: evidence from a national cross-sectional household survey 2014. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17:176–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0929-2.
Published
2022-11-09
How to Cite
1.
Limardi S, Hasanah D, Utami N. Dietary intake and stunting in children aged 6-23 months in rural Sumba, Indonesia. PI [Internet]. 9Nov.2022 [cited 19Apr.2024];62(5):341-6. Available from: https://www.paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/2739
Section
Pediatric Nutrition & Metabolic Disease
Copyright (c) 2022 Suryadi Limardi, Dini Mutia Hasanah, Ni Made Dwiyathi Utami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Received 2021-08-07
Accepted 2022-11-02
Published 2022-11-09
Accepted 2022-11-02
Published 2022-11-09
